Knee osteoarthritis is one of the most common joint disorders worldwide, particularly among older adults. It occurs when the cartilage that cushions the ends of the bones in the knee joint gradually wears away, leading to friction between the bones. This condition can cause pain, stiffness, reduced mobility, and a significant decline in quality of life. With increasing rates of obesity and sedentary lifestyles, knee osteoarthritis has become a major public health concern.

Dr. Amr El Yamany
Consultant Orthopaedic Surgeon
Adam Vital Hospital – Dubai

Causes of Knee Osteoarthritis

Several factors contribute to the development of knee osteoarthritis, including:

Aging: The risk increases with age as cartilage loses its ability to repair and regenerate.

Obesity: Excess body weight places additional stress on the knee joints, accelerating cartilage degeneration.

Previous Injuries: Fractures, ligament tears, and meniscal injuries can increase the likelihood of developing osteoarthritis later in life.

Genetic Factors: A family history of osteoarthritis may increase susceptibility.

Repetitive Joint Stress: Occupations or sports involving frequent kneeling, squatting, or heavy lifting can damage the joint over time.

Muscle Weakness: Weak muscles around the knee provide less support and increase joint loading.

Symptoms

Common symptoms of knee osteoarthritis include:

Knee pain that worsens with activity.

Morning stiffness or stiffness after periods of rest.

Swelling around the joint.

A grinding or cracking sensation during movement.

Difficulty walking, climbing stairs, or performing daily activities.

Recent Advances in Treatment

1. Conservative Management

The first line of treatment includes:

Weight reduction to decrease stress on the knee joint.

Physical therapy and strengthening exercises for the quadriceps and surrounding muscles.

Pain relievers and anti-inflammatory medications prescribed by a physician.

Use of knee braces or assistive devices when needed.

2. Intra-Articular Injections

Recent developments have expanded treatment options:

Hyaluronic acid injections to improve joint lubrication and reduce pain.

Platelet-Rich Plasma (PRP) injections, which may help relieve symptoms and improve function in selected patients.

Stem cell therapy, an emerging and promising field, is currently being investigated for its potential to regenerate damaged cartilage, especially in early-stage disease.

3. Surgical Treatment

For advanced cases that do not respond to conservative measures:

Arthroscopic procedures may be considered in selected situations.

Corrective osteotomy can help redistribute weight across the joint.

Total or partial knee replacement remains one of the most effective treatments for severe osteoarthritis, providing significant pain relief and improved mobility.

Prevention

The risk of knee osteoarthritis can be reduced through:

Maintaining a healthy body weight.

Engaging in regular low-impact exercise such as walking, swimming, and cycling.

Strengthening the muscles around the knee.

Avoiding prolonged periods of inactivity or excessive joint strain.

Treating knee injuries promptly and appropriately.

Following a balanced diet rich in protein, calcium, and vitamin D.

Conclusion

Knee osteoarthritis is a progressive condition that can significantly affect mobility and quality of life. However, early diagnosis, appropriate treatment, and lifestyle modifications can slow disease progression and reduce symptoms. Maintaining a healthy weight, staying physically active, and protecting the knee joint are key strategies for preventing osteoarthritis